Financial Analysis of Sainsbury PLC Essay - 4585 Words

Financial Analysis Of Sainsbury’s Plc 2010/2011 (Sainsbury supermarket, Blake 2012) 10105011 18/10/2012 Contents of Document Section Page Contents.......................................................................................................................2 Introduction..................................................................................................................3 Subject company and history........................................................................................3 Profitability...................................................................................................................4†¦show more content†¦The question is, how much has its expansionary policy supported its profits whilst maintaining equilibrium with costs? Profitability Within this report, diligent focus will be shown to the financial year of 2010 and the final year of 2011 as the profitability, liquidity, efficiency, gearing ratios and working capital is examined. The profit from disposal of properties in 2010 was  £27m and  £108m in 2011 which shows a dramatic appreciation in profit when compared. Moreover, the company also showed an increase in combined profit from  £585m in 2010 to  £640m in 2011 (Sainsbury, Income Statement 2011 section). This shows that the company’s overall performance has improved over the course of 12 months by 9.4%. Further to the aforesaid points, the greater percentage of revenue was derived from the sale of products and services, standing in at  £22,943m in 2011 (Sainsbury, Income Statement 2011 section). This shows an increase in product purchases and an increase in market share (an increase of 16.1%, Telegraph, September 2011) leading to more sales, demonstrating that the firm’s strategy has worked for the financial year when compared to the sales of 2010 of  £21,421m (Sainsbury, Income Statement 2010 section). 10105011 18/10/2012 Return on Capital Employed can be defined as follows: â€Å"Return on capital employed isShow MoreRelatedIntroduction to J. Sainsbury Plc910 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Company analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Comparative analysis   Ã‚     Ã‚  Financial Ratio Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gearing/Financial Risk   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Evaluation of Financial Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction The objective of financial reporting/statements is to provide information about the reporting entity’s financial performance and financial position that is useful to a wide range of users for assessing the stewardship of the entity’s management and for making economic decisions. This is a report on the operations of J. Sainsbury PlcRead MoreMorrisons Performance Analysis Report6345 Words   |  26 Pages5 2.4 Tools and Techniques used for Business/Financial Analysis 5 3 Business Analysis 7 3.1 Porter Five Forces Analysis 7 3.2 SWOT Analysis 8 4 Financial Analysis 10 Ratio Analysis 10 4.1 Turnover Growth 10 4.2 Profitability Ratio 11 4.3 Working Capital Ratios 13 3.4 Efficiency Ratios 14 3.5 Gearing and Long Term Stability 15 3.6 Investor Ratio 17 5 Conclusions 19 5.1 Business Performance 19 5.2 Financial Performance 20 Project Objectives and Overall ResearchRead MoreBusiness Risks Of Sainsbury s Company Essay1377 Words   |  6 PagesJ Sainsbury plc is the third largest supermarket in the United Kingdom. J Sainsbury plc is engaged in retailing and retail banking. The Company includes Retailing, Financial services, and investments. The company offers different kinds of groceries, for example, fruit and vegetable, meat and fish, baby and household. Sainsbury s Bank provides lots of products, such as insurances, credit card and loans. Not only risk profile analysis and value analysis of the Sainsbury’s could help people to decideRead MoreFinancial Ratios: TESCO and J. Sainsbury2644 Words   |  11 Pages Table of Contents 1. Introduction The purpose of this report is to conduct a comparative ratio analysis of the financial statements of J. Sainsbury PLC and Tesco PLC for the year-ending 2013. The financial information that is provided from each company’s annual report and the comparison between them will help possible users of this analysis to understand not only the differences between these two companies but also each company’s weaknesses and strengths. Below, theRead MoreUk Supermarket Financial Analysis5179 Words   |  21 PagesBlue CLASS, Group 4 | J Sainsbury plc | Financial reporting and analysis assignment | | | | Group members: Daryush Arabnia Petra Buckley Luca Buonocore Sudarshan Mohanasundaram Jingsi Yang Chapter1 Short description of the activities performed   J Sainsbury plc is a leading food retailer in the United Kingdom. J Sainsbury plc was founded in 1869 and today operates a total of 934 stores comprising 557 supermarkets and 377 convenience stores. It jointly owns Sainsbury’s BankRead MoreEssay Ratio Analysis of Morrisons2646 Words   |  11 PagesTable of content Introduction 2 Financial Analysis of Morrisons 3 Critical Assessment of the ratio analysis of William Jackson Food Group 8 Limitations and recommendations References Introduction This paper deals with the question of how a ratio analysis can help in determining the true value of a company. 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(1970, pp. 654-682) point out that financial researchers use financial ratios to examine the relation between financial data and common stock features. The analysis in this paper is focus on the usefulness of financial ratios, taking data from stock market to assist the judgment of whether ratios show the real variation of company business. Put it in detail, this paper adopts quantitative research method mainly; calculatingRead MoreFinancial Analysis and Market Updates Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesFinancial analysis and market updates: Bull points †¢ The company has a high PE ratio , which is the highest in the sector , net income and total revenue gradually increased during last 4 years , though there was the financial crises Bear points †¢ Low estimated earning per share and low return on investment as well . Fist week updates performance Dates 2010 Open close high low monitor 1st Week 13-17/02 13.25 13.9 14 13.2 4.91% News: Second week updates performance Dates 2010 OpenRead MoreFinancial Performance Evaluation of Tesco.6729 Words   |  27 PagesOxford Brookes University RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS REPORT TOPIC 8 AN ANALYSIS OF THE BUSINESS AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF TESCO PLC [pic] (6444 words) MARCH 2008 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 TOPIC CHOSEN This research analyses the financial situation of Tesco Plc; topic number 8. The analysis is carried from an investor’s point of view and will be achieved by evaluating key financial ratios, past trends and other key aspects with an aim to serve the current and prospective future investors

The Importance of Sleep Essay - 1681 Words

Sleep is an extremely interesting phenomenon in which the mind almost completely departs from the usual realm of consciousness. It is distinguished from quiet wakefulness and a decreased ability to react to stimuli where we become less aware of our surroundings. However, it is more easily reversed than being in hibernation or a coma. It is a function that has been extensively researched by many. After all, we would not have evolved a mechanism that forces us to spend one-third of our lives sleeping unless sleep did us some good. What good does it do tough? Over the years, many theories have been proposed as to why we need sleep. The simplest is that it saves energy. An individual’s energy expenditure and demand is reduced during the day,†¦show more content†¦A sleep deprived driver, believe it or not, is as dangerous as a drunk driver. Sleep also strengthens learning and memory, including both motor skills and language related tasks. When you learn something, your mem ory improves if you go to sleep within the next 3 hours, and it deteriorates after a sleepless night. A good night’s sleep can also improve learning the next day. When people learn a new difficult motor task, such as a video game skill, the brain areas that are active during the learning become reactivated during one’s sleep that night. The brain replays the same patterns they had during the day, only faster. The amount of functioning and activity in those areas during sleep predicts the amount of improvement the next day. In learning, wakefulness and sleep play complementary roles. Researchers have demonstrated that learning strengthens the appropriate synapses during wakefulness and weakens other synapses during sleep. Therefore, REM sleep is crucial for organizing pieces and the associations between them needed for forming lasting memories. Organizing these pieces within your brain requires information gained through learning. Learning is a complicated process that is completed subconsciously by gaining new knowledge and skills and modifying previous ones. Three basic parts of learning include acquisition, consolidation, and recall. During acquisition, the brain receives information and stores it within its neural circuits as memory. ThisShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Sleep782 Words   |  4 PagesN#1086;rm#1072;ll#1091; #1072;ft#1077;r #1072; day #1086;f work, w#1077; #1109;h#1086;uld sleep easily #1072;nd achieve #1072; deep rest thr#1086;ugh#1086;ut th#1077; night. However, m#1072;n#1091; people d#1086; n#1086;t experience this, #1110;n#1109;t#1077;#1072;d th#1077;#1091; h#1072;v#1077; difficulty falling asleep, th#1077;#1091; d#1086; n#1086;t g#1077;t #1077;n#1086;ugh sleep #1086;r th#1077;#1091; wake u#1088; #1109;#1077;v#1077;r#1072;l times #1072;t dawnRead MoreImportance of Sleep Essay788 Words   |  4 PagesImportance of Sleep It has been proposed, by some, that humans do not really need to sleep, and that we do so only out of habit. However, much research would suggest otherwise. It is true that some individuals (e.g. those suffering from insomnia) are able to live on very small amounts of sleep, but nevertheless, they do need some. Studies of sleep deprivation have found that there may be severe consequences of not sleeping at. Randy Gardner, for example, went withoutRead MoreEssay on importance of sleep979 Words   |  4 PagesSleep is a physical and mental resting state in which a person becomes relatively inactive and unaware of the environment. In essence, sleep is a partial detachment from the world, where most external stimuli are blocked from the senses. Normal sleep is characterized by a general decrease in body temperature, blood pressure, breathing rate, and most other bodily functions. In contrast, the human brain never decreases inactivity. Studies have shown that the brain is as active during sleep as itRead MoreThe Importance of Sleep, Nutri1281 Words   |  6 PagesThe importance of sleep, nutrition, and exercise Many students today ask why they are so tired all the time. It also seems that people in college become more stressed out either because of grades or because of work. All people need to do is get the right amount of sleep, eating well, and exercise in order to feel better about themselves and feel good in general. This is not a short process. Most experts say that it takes about twelve weeks in order to see results. But, it is guaranteed thatRead MoreImportance of Sleep Essay897 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the late 1800s and early 1900s, nine hours of sleep was the norm, but no more. Technology and long work hours often prevent sleeping nine to ten hours each night; however, eight hours would vastly improve psychological and physical health and well-being. Chronic sleep deprivation is less than five hours nightly. Getting the proper rest is important to stay alert during the day; Studies prove that eight or more hours of restful slumber every night enhances mood, brain function, and increasesRead MoreThe Importance Of Sleep In The House858 Words   |  4 Pagessummer, also it used for sleeping outdoor in the hottest months, the outdoor sitting area considered as a room without a roof its walls are ï â‚¬1.8m height, to cast a big shadow in the sitting area (Figs14). In additional; the inner courts (or back courtyard) served as a thermal regulator. A central staircase is connecting indoor lobby at the ground floor and semi-shaded lobby at first floor, working as ventilation tower, the two level lobbies are always ventilated by a vertical and cross stream ofRead MoreThe Importance Of Sleep Hygiene733 Words   |  3 PagesGood quality sleep can make a big difference in your quality of life. Having healthy sleep habits is often referred to as having good  sleep hygiene, It involves  a variety of different practices and habits that are necessary to have good nighttime sleep quality and full daytime alertness. Why is it important to practice good sleep hygiene? Obtaining healthy sleep is essential for both physical and mental health. It can also improve productivity and overall quality of life. Everyone, from childrenRead MoreThe Importance of Sleep and Stress Management646 Words   |  3 PagesThe Importance of Sleep and Stress Management On March 21, 2013, I attended a StaySharp: Managing Stress and Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle sleep and stress management seminar at the Ted Rogers School of Management in order to gain a better understand the antecedents of stress and how these can be mitigated through stress management techniques in ways that contribute to improved sleep and relaxation habits. 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Attention Getter: Weight gain, headaches, high blood pressure, diabetes, depression, and attention deficit disorder are all caused by one factor, according to the National Sleep Foundation when our sleeping requirements are not met (National Sleep Foundation 2007). Some surveys conducted by the NSF (1999-2004)

Scope of Strategic Marketing Essay Example For Students

Scope of Strategic Marketing Essay Chapter 1 Scope of strategic marketing Marketing is a philosophy that leads to the process by which organizations, groups and individuals obtain what they need and want by identifying value, providing it, communicating it and delivering it to others. The core concepts of marketing are customers’ needs, wants and values; products, exchange, communications and relationships. Marketing is strategically concerned with the direction and scope of the long-term activities performed by the organization to obtain a competitive advantage. The organization applies its resources within a changing environment to satisfy customer needs while meeting stakeholder expectations. Implied in this view of strategic marketing is the requirement to develop a strategy to cope with competitors, identify market opportunities, develop and commercialize new products and services, allocate resources among marketing activities and design an appropriate organizational structure to ensure the performance desired is achieved. There is no unique strategy that succeeds for all organizations in all situations. In thinking strategically about marketing many factors must be considered: the extent of product diversity and geographic coverage in the organization; the number of market segments served, marketing channels used, the role of branding, the level of marketing effort, and the role of quality. It is also necessary to consider the organization’s approach to new product development, in particular, its position as a technology leader or follower, the extent of innovation, the organization’s cost position and pricing policy, and its relationship to customers, competitors, suppliers and partners. The challenge of strategic marketing is, therefore, to manage marketing complexity, customer and stakeholder expectations and to reconcile the in? uences of a changing environment in the context of a set of resource capabilities. It is also necessary to create strategic opportunities and to manage the concomitant changes required within the organization. In this world of marketing, organizations seek to maximize returns to shareholders by creating a competitive advantage in identifying, providing, communicating and delivering value to customers, broadly de? ed, and in the process developing long-term mutually satisfying relationships with those customers. Strategic Marketing Understanding marketing – antecedents The fundamental management issue in marketing is to determine a superior value position from the customer’s perspective and to ensure that, by developing a consensus throughout the organization, value is provided, communicated and delivered to the customer grou p. The core concepts of marketing are needs, wants and demands which directly affect the identi? cation and selection of relevant customer values re? cted in products, services and ideas that the organization provides, communicates and delivers in the form of exchanges to build long-term satisfactory relationships with customers (Figure 1. 1). Needs are the internal in? uences which prompt behaviour, e. g. biological needs refer to a person’s requirements for food, air and shelter while social needs refer to issues such as security, personal grati? cation and prestige. Wants are culture bound and may be satis? ed using a number of technologies, e. g. a teenager may listen to music on one of the rock radio stations or on DVDs played on a computer. Demand refers to the ability and willingness of a customer to buy a particular product or service which satis? es the want and the more latent need. A student may want a BMW but can afford only a bicycle. The organization may set out from the start or be established with those objectives or, more likely, as a result of trial and error and experience, the organization evolves into a position over time of being the desired source of value. The core concepts of marketing may be decomposed into a number of basic components: Identify and select the customer value Needs Wants Demands Provide, communicate and deliver customer value Products, services and ideas Exchange of values and relationship building Customers Figure Core concepts of marketing Scope of strategic marketing Provide the value – product planning – packaging – branding – pricing Communicate the value – advertising – personal selling – direct marketing – sales promotion Deliver the value – channels of distribution – logistics – servicing Successful organizations recognize value positions and ensure that learning occurs throughout the organization as a result of discovering the value position. Choosing the value position is one of the most important strategic decisions facing the organization. Once chosen, it the task of management to ensure that everyone in the organization directly contributes to delivering the chosen value. Marketing and sales orientations A sales emphasis is very different from a marketing emphasis in the organization. Four important areas where they differ separate the two approaches: organizational objectives, orientation, attitudes to segmentation and the perceived task facing marketing in the organization (Kotler 2002). A sales emphasis results in objectives which are aimed at increasing current sales to meet quotas and to derive commissions and bonuses. Little discrimination is made between products or customers in terms of pro? ts unless these differences are written into the incentives. In contrast, objectives with a marketing emphasis take pro? ts into account. Marketing objectives include an explicit consideration of product mixes, customer groups and different communications and ways of reaching the market in attempting to achieve pro? table sales and market shares at acceptable levels of risk. The selling and marketing orientations produce very different emphases in the organization. A selling orientation predominantly re? ects a production approach whereby something is produced and the task is to sell it thereby Strategic Marketing Market orientation Market research Product research and development Production Sales orientation Communications Sales Technology orientation Figure Alternative business orientation of the ? rm increasing consumption (Figure 1. 2). A focus on sales means a focus on individual customers rather than market segments or market classes. Such organizations are very knowledgeable about individual accounts and the variables which in? uence speci? c sales transactions but they are less interested in developing an approach to an entire segment of similar needs and wants in the market. A technology orientation is similar to a sales orientation except that the organization also engages in product research and development (Figure 1. 2). A marketing approach attempts to determine ways of offering superior value to the more pro? table segments without damaging individual customer relationships. A marketing approach re? cts an integrated approach based on research and feedback. Customer needs are ? rst evaluated through market research, an integrated marketing effort is developed to satisfy customers so that the organization achieves its goals, especially those affecting shareholders. This is a customer orientation and contrasts very bluntly with a narrow competitor orientation based on sales in which the organization by capit alizing on the weaknesses of vulnerable competitors or by removing its own competitive weaknesses attempts to obtain high sales and long-run pro? s (Figure 1. 3). In many situations marketing evaluates itself and presents its case to senior managers of the organization based on sales, ef? ciency or, worst of all, internal awards, not marketplace outcomes or ? nancial success. Senior managers deal with issues that involve the allocation of resources and how such allocation affects the return on investment. These hurdle rates are calculated differently from one organization to another but they need to be understood for a marketing programme to be effective and accepted. In a business world ominated by ? nancial considerations the ability of the organization to produce award-winning marketing programmes or attractive but fuzzy images in TV commercials is not of much value. Traditional marketing thinking assumes that the organization is in complete control of the marketplace, whereas in teraction and market integration are required. Scope of strategic marketing Customer orientation Identify needs and wants of potential customers Provide and communicate values to match customer needs Satisfied customers Long-run profits Competitor orientation Capitalize on weaknesses of vulnerable competitors Remove own weaknesses Win market position from competitors Attract customers from competitors Minimize loss of customers to competitors High sales Defend market position Source : Adapted from Alfred, R. Oxfenfeldt and William L. Moore (1983): ‘Customer or competitor: which guideline for marketing? ’ in Stewart Henderson Britt, Harper W. Boyd, Robert T. Davis and Jean Claude Larreche (eds), Marketing Management and Administrative Action, New York: McGraw-Hill. Figure Customer and competitor orientation in the organization Strategic marketing concept Marketing has been de? ned as the management function responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements pro? tably. Marketing is, therefore, both a philosophy and a set of techniques which address such matters as research, product design and development, pricing, packaging, sales and sales promotion, advertising, public relations, distribution and after-sales service. These activities de? ne the broad scope of marketing and their balanced integration within a marketing plan is known as the marketing mix. A modi? cation of a de? ition of marketing by Doyle (2000) suggests that marketing is the management process that seeks to maximize returns to shareholders by creating a competitive advantage in providing, communicating and delivering value to customers thereby developing a long-term relationship with them. This de? nition clearly de? nes the objectives of marketing and how its performance should be evaluated. The speci? c cont ribution of marketing in the organization lies in the formulation of strategies to choose the right customer, build relationships of trust with them and create a competitive advantage (Doyle 2000, p. 35). A marketing strategy consists of an internally integrated but externally focused set of choices about how the organization addresses its customers in the context of a competitive environment. A strategy has ? ve elements: it deals with where the organization plans to be active; how it will get there; how it will succeed in the marketplace; what the speed and sequence of moves will be; and how the organization will obtain pro? ts (Hambrick and Fredrickson 2001, p. 50). The organization must identify the problem that its customers use its products and services to solve. It is also necessary to identify the bene? ts customers seek from using a product or service available in the market. A market consists Strategic Marketing of all the potential customers who share a particular need or want who might be willing and able to engage in exchange to satisfy that need or want. A marketing orientation helps to de? ne the organization’s business. Marketing is concerned with problem solving and customer bene? ts. The organization must be able to answer the following questions: What is the problem customers are trying to solve? What bene? ts do customers seek? How well does the organization’s product solve this problem and provide these bene? ts? A statement that the organization is in the movie business is not very useful. An organization is not in the movie business because that says nothing about customer needs. Some movie organizations assumed they were in the movie business when the entertainment business left them behind! Marketing is a philosophy that encourages the organization to ensure that the needs and wants of customers in selected target markets are re? cted in all its actions and activities while recognizing constraints imposed by society. This marketing concept ? rst received formal recognition in 1952 by one of its leading exponents, the General Electric Organization – the marketing concept: . . . introduces the marketing man at the beginning rather than at the end of the production cycle and integrates marketing into each phase of business. . . . marketing establishes . . . f or the engineer, the design and manufacturing man, what the customer wants in a given product, what price he is willing to pay and where and when it will be wanted. Marketing will have authority in product planning, production scheduling and inventory control, as well as in sales distribution or servicing of the product (General Electric Organization, New York, 1952, Annual Report, p. 21). Three aspects of this statement are interesting: the customer orientation; the pro? t orientation; and the emphasis on integrated organization effort. These three aspects are fundamental to the adoption of the marketing concept. Marketing means, therefore, being oriented to the needs of customers rather than emphasizing what is convenient to produce. Effective marketing requires that the organization analyses the needs that its products are supposed to satisfy. Customers do not buy ‘coffee’; they buy a warm stimulating drink or a unique caf? experience if it is Starbucks. Likewise, customers do not buy sisal; e they buy a material to make baling rope to tie things together or ? bre to serve as backing for a ? oor covering. The organization should realize that many alternative products may satisfy the needs identi? ed; there usually are many substitutes – for coffee include tea, cocoa, alcohol or soft drinks and for sisal include polypropylene ? re or polythene sheeting. The real lesson of a marketing philosophy is that better performing organizations recognize the basic and enduring nature of the customer needs they Scope of strategic marketing are attempting to satisfy. It is the technology of want satisfaction which is transitory (Anderson 1982, p. 23). The products and services used to satisfy customer nee ds and wants change constantly. The adoption of a marketing philosophy confers speci? c authority and responsibility within the organization in regard to the provision, communication and delivery of customer value. Marketing is concerned with all parts of the organization; it is more than a set of tools, it is an orientation which pervades the thinking of the organization as a whole. Internal marketing In addition to equipping the organization to cope with the outside world of customers and competitors, it is also necessary to train and motivate all staff within the organization to provide the appropriate level of service to customers. Internal marketing is very closely related to human resource management and the way in which the organization develops its own distinctive corporate culture. Public Health Nursing ( Phn ) EssayA fundamental service provided by the business system leader is to encourage and persuade other organizations in the business system to complete the full value mix for customers by attracting ‘follower’ or ‘imitator’ organizations and thereby prevent them from developing other emerging business systems. The multitude of decisions in the business system must complement each other to maximize their overall positive impact on value. Within this framework the organization must decide its overall product–market business system strategy which has two elements – decisions on product–market segments and decisions on positions to adopt within the business system itself Scope of strategic marketing Product? market and business system strategies Product? market segments Segment 1 Segment n Concentrate on key market segments Business system Production/operations Distribution Sales Concentrate on key business stages Service Customer Figure Generic product–market and business system strategies (Figure 1. 6). The organization’s resource base enables it to decide the appropriate positions on which to focus in the business system. Decisions regarding the relevant product–market segment to serve are discussed in Chapter 3 while decisions regarding the appropriate position in the business system to select are examined in Chapter 6. Sources of marketing advantage Sources of marketing advantage are reputation, brands, tangible assets, knowledge, customer service and people. To be worthwhile the marketing advantage must be sustainable. It must, therefore, be tangible, measurable and capable of providing competitive protection for some time. An illusory marketing advantage is one that is easily matched by competitors. The organization’s marketing advantage depends on how well it chooses its strategy: Concentrating on selected market segments. Offering differentiated products. Using alternative distribution channels. Using different manufacturing processes to allow higher quality at lower prices. Superior skills and resources, taken together, represent the ability of the organization to do more and better than its competitors. Superior skills are the distinctive capabilities of people in the organization that distinguish Strategic Marketing hem from people in competing organizations, e. g. superior marketing skills that lead to fewer product failures in the marketplace or superior selling and distribution skills which lead to fewer returns of unwanted products and improved customer satisfaction. Organizational resources and marketing capabilities Organizations are endowed with different amounts and types of resour ces and capabilities, which allow them to compete in different ways. Organizations which are better endowed have lower average costs than competitors and can provide products and services at lower cost or provide greater customer value. These resources are dif? cult to transfer among organizations because of transaction costs and because the assets may contain tacit knowledge (Teece et al. 1996, p. 15). Such resources and core capabilities of the organization, particularly those which involve collective learning and are knowledge based, are enhanced as they are applied (Prahalad and Hamel 1990). Resources and capabilities which are distinctive and superior, relative to those of rivals, may become the basis for competitive advantage if they are matched appropriately to market opportunities (Thompson Jr. nd Strickland 1996, pp. 94–5). These resources may, therefore, provide both the basis and direction for the growth of the organization itself, i. e. there may be a natural trajectory embedded in a organization’s knowledge base (Peteraf 1993, p. 182). Hence, the importance of studying the organization itself when attempting to predict its likely performance. Resources and capabilities determine the organi zation’s long-run strategy and are the primary source of pro? t. In an environment which is changing rapidly and where consumer tastes and preferences are volatile and myriad, a de? ition of the business in terms of what the organization is capable of doing may offer a more durable basis for strategy than a traditional de? nition, based solely on needs and wants of consumers. De? ning markets too broadly is of little help to the organization that cannot easily develop the capabilities to serve such a broad market. The organization’s ability to earn pro? ts depends on two factors: the success of the organization in establishing competitive advantage over rivals; and the attractiveness of the industry in which the organization competes. As was seen above, the two sources of competitive advantage are: the ability of the organization to reduce costs; and its ability to differentiate itself in ways that are important to customers. The ability to establish a cost advantage requires the possession of scaleef? cient plants, access to low-cost raw materials or labour and superior Scope of strategic marketing Relative value branding product/service technology marketing networks Relative costs scale economies process technology access to low-cost resources Market power firm size financial resources market share Barriers to entry branding price power patents Competitive advantage Profits Industry attractiveness Figure In? uence of resources on the pro? tability of the ? rm process technology. Differentiation advantages derive from brand reputation, proprietary and patented technology and an extensive marketing network covering distribution, sales and services. The attractiveness of an industry depends on the power the organization can exert over customers, rivals and others in the business system, which derives from the existence of market entry barriers. Market entry barriers are based on brands, patents, price and the power of competitive retaliation. These are resources which are accumulated slowly over time and a new entrant can only obtain at disproportionate expense (Grant 1991, p. 115). Other sources of market power such as price-setting abilities depend on market share which is a consequence of cost ef? ciency, organization size and ? nancial resources. Grant (1991) has integrated these ideas in a way which serves as a very convenient summary of this discussion (Figure 1. 7). Strategic marketing effectiveness Marketing’s role in strategic planning for the organization means identifying the optimal long-term positions that will ensure customer satisfaction and support. These optimal positions are determined largely by fundamental changes in demographic, economic, social and political factors (Anderson 1982, p. 24). Thus, strategic positioning is more likely to be guided by longterm demographic and socioeconomic research than by surveys of consumer attitudes, the hallmark of the market-driven organization. Value in marketing is a combination of product or service quality, reasonable or acceptable prices and responsive service. It is noteworthy that marketing value combines high quality with acceptable prices. It is not low quality products at low prices or high quality at high prices. Value in marketing means delivering on a whole range of promises to the customer. Strategic Marketing Marketing effectiveness is not necessarily revealed by current marketing performance. Good results and growing sales may be due to the organization being in the right place at the right time rather than having effective marketing management. This is frequently the situation during the entrepreneurial phase of an organization’s growth and development. The innovator frequently has considerable discretion in the market. At this stage the driving force is entrepreneurship rather than marketing. With acceptance of the product or service in the market and with the rise in competition which normally accompanies the acceptance of a new product or service, performance becomes more marketing-dependent. In a competitive environment, especially where customers have learned how to respond to various offerings, the situation changes. Improvements in marketing in the organization might improve results while another organization might have poor results in spite of excellent marketing planning. It depends on how well the organization matches its own resources against those of the competition to attract and hold the loyalty of customers. The marketing effectiveness of the organization in serving customers in the face of existing and potential competition is re? ected in the degree to which it exhibits ? ve major attributes of a marketing orientation: demonstrated customer philosophy integrated marketing orientation possesses adequate marketing information adopts a strategic orientation experiences a high level of operational ef? ciency. The performance of the organization on these individual attributes may be used to indicate which elements of effective marketing action need most attention. It should be recognized, however, that this evaluation provides general information only but has the merit of obtaining an approximate measure of the orientation of the organization. Key marketing success factors The organization attempts to convert skills and resources into superior market positions and thereby meet performance objectives. A knowledge of the key marketing success factors is essential to enable the organization to invest in markets and marketing to ensure performance objectives are attained. By identifying the key success factors the organization can dentify ways of obtaining the greatest improvement in performance for the least expenditure. The key success factors of any business are the skills and resources which exert Scope of strategic marketing the highest degree of leverage on market positions and future performance. Having identi? ed them, the organization attempts to selectively allocate resources towards these sources of leverage. The drivers of market posi tion advantage are the high leverage skills and resources that contribute most to lowering costs to or creating value for customers. Marketing focus on customers Marketing means identifying values desired by customers, providing them in some way, communicating these values to customer groups and delivering the value. Customer values refer to those bene? ts focused on solving customer problems and not merely on the products and services themselves. The focus is on the customer and on solving problems faced by the customer. This is an integrated longer-term view of marketing (Figure 1. 8). Seeking value from the customer’s perspective means building a long-term mutually pro? table relationship with customers instead of trying to maximize pro? s on each transaction. An emphasis on relationships rather than individual transactions focuses on the customer as the pro? t centre, not the product. It also means that attracting new customers is an intermediate objective in the process of maintaining and cultivating an existing customer base. This interactive approach views marketing as a continuous relationship with customers in contrast to the more traditional and almost adversarial view which is short term and focused on immediate sales. The ? rst sale to a customer is often very dif? cult, costs a lot and results in little or no pro? t. With a strong continuing relationship the customer becomes more pro? table. Such long-term relationships are established through the exchange of information, products, services and social contacts. In this way the organization–customer relationship is commercialized. The fundamental issue is to understand the customer’s perception of value and to determine a superior value position from this perspective and to ensure Identify and select customer value Integrated marketing effort Provide the value Communicate the value Deliver the value Customer satisfaction Achieve organizational goals Figure Integrated marketing orientation Strategic Marketing that, by developing a consensus throughout the organization, that value is provided and communicated to the customer group in selected markets. The role of marketing in the business system is: To understand the customer’s perception of value – identify the value the organization expects to provide. To determine a superior value position for the organization – provide the value expected. To determine the appropriate positioning and brand strategy – communicate the value. To distribute and price the product/service – deliver the value to the customer. References Anderson, Paul F. (1982), ‘Marketing, strategic planning and the theory of the ? rm’, Journal of Marketing, 46 (Spring), 15–26. Day, George (1994), ‘The capabilities of market-driven organizations’, Journal of Marketing, 58 (October), 37–52. Dickinson, Roger, Herbst, Anthony and O’Shaughnessy, John (1986), ‘Marketing concept and consumer orientation’, European Journal of Marketing, 20 (10), 18–23. Dierickx, I. and Cool, K. (1989), ‘Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage’, Management Science, 35, 1504–11. Doyle, Peter (2000), ‘Valuing marketing’s contribution’, European Management Journal, 18 (3), 233–45. Grant, Robert M. (1991), ‘The resource-based theory of competitive advantage: implications for strategy formulation’, California Management Review, Spring, 118. Gronroos, Christian (1984), ‘Internal marketing – theory and practice’, in The American Marketing Association 3rd Conference on Services Marketing, Services Marketing in a Changing Environment Vol. III. Chicago: American Marketing Association. Hambrick, Donald C. and Fredrickson, James W. 2001), ‘Are you sure you have a strategy? ’, Academy of Management Executive, 15 (4), 48–59. Kotler, Philip (2002), Marketing Management: Analysis Planning and Control (8th edn). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. McKittrick, J. B. (1957), ‘What is the marketing management concept? ’, in The Frontiers of Marketing Thought and Science, Frank M. Bass , ed. , Chicago: American Marketing Association. Mitchell, Colin (2002), ‘Selling the brand inside’, Harvard Business Review, 80 (1), 99–105. Moore, James F. (1993), ‘Predators and prey’, Harvard Business Review (May–June), 75–86. Peteraf, M. A. (1993), ‘The cornerstones of competitive advantage: a resource based view’, Strategic Management Journal, 14, 179–91. Scope of strategic marketing Prahalad, C. K. and Hamel, G. (1990), ‘The core competence of the corporation’, Harvard Business Review, 68, 79–91. Teece, D. J. , Pisano, G. and Shuen, A. (1996), Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management, Working Paper, 53. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Thompson, Jr, A. A. and Strickland, A. J. III (1996), Strategic Management (9th edn). Chicago: Irwin.

Types of Friends Essay Example For Students

Types of Friends Essay During childhood, I was quite famous in my primary school , I was more handsome than other kids in my school and I used to have a lot of friends from various races. I entered the International School of Penang to further my secondary studies. After mixing with different types of friends, I started to understand the true meaning of friends. Friendship is not just about a relationship that you have with others for his wealth , appearance or popularity. It is made of the experiences that you experienced with somebody that is really special to you. One can have many friends , but they can only have a few best friends, which are also known as bossom friends. Those few are the one that you have chose to continue your journey through this life. Life is not just a journey that you can complete in a few days or weeks , it takes years to complete , you may even live for a hundred years if you are able to take care of your health. I have seen many types of friends, some of them are only pretending to be your friends for the money and popularity that you own. We will write a custom essay on Types of Friends specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now They will pretend to be as good as they can in front of you and start talking bad things about you behind your back. They will only show their true colours when they are caught red handed. They will even make up a cock and bull story to clear their name. This kind of person is a shame to the holy relationship-friendship. I have also came across a few people who are important to me. They are Ken, Yaw Wei, Kim Hwa, Wei Yee, Shao Tong and Rickson. I am really proud to call them my friends. They are not just people who stick around and follow you everywhere. All of them believe their beliefs and follow some principals and I respect them for that. One day , I came to school and shared my story with them about how I started a quarrel with my parents. I was shocked when they started scolding me the next moment I finished my story. I was both happy and sad at the same time. I felt sad because I had a quarrel with my parents over a minor issue and i was also very happy that my friends cared about me and gave me some advice. I followed their advice by apologizing to my parents the moment i reached home and gave them a huge hug. They smiled and forgave me for my rudeness. There are many more things that i wish to do with my friends such as playing together, studying together and spending more times together. Friends are also the ones that you will never forget in your entire life. They are the ones that understands your feeling and be by your side to lend you a helping hands when you face trouble. They are also the ones who thinks you as their family members and guides you to the right direction to help you to move forward. I like to thank the All-Mighty God for letting me meet such friends. I wished that I could have met them earlier in my life so that we could have many more wonderful experiences.

Trolley Crane Design Essay Example

Trolley Crane Design Essay Example Trolley Crane Design Paper Trolley Crane Design Paper Introduction For this project, the aim was to research different geared trolley cranes and come up with a brief outline/ design which would meet some specific design limitations. The trolley crane that we had to come up with was meant to be designed to lift and carry a load of 1. 5 tones along I-beam of 4 meters long. The research that we did was mainly on existing trolley cranes and the configurations of these cranes which allowed us to familiarize ourselves with what the crane does and how It works. The way that the crane operates Is by having a person pull a chain. This chain Is connected to a drive shaft which In turn Is connected too pylon and two wheels. These wheels allow the crane to move horizontally along the I-beam whilst sustaining a load. For our crane design, as mentioned above, the I-beam must be able to support the load of 1. 5 tones without failing under the load and the beam length must be 4 meters long. The trolley crane must also be manually operated with one person pulling the chain to operate it. The way that we can ensure that the trolley crane and I-beam will support the specified load is by using some of the basic beam bending theory in strength of trials and by using different tolerance and bearing data from previous notes. 2. 0. Research As a group we researched many trolley cranes currently on the market, this gave us an idea of the competition for our trolley crane and helped clarify the workings of such mechanisms. (See appendix) 3. 0. Product Design Specification 3. 1. Design Brief The alma of this project, is through the researching of other products, Is to produce a design for a geared trolley crane which fits the given specification for our group. 3. 2. Performance The trolley crane should be capable of sustaining a load of 1. tones with a safety factor of 20%. Should run along a 4 meter I-beam. Trolley crane should be operated and manually moved via a chain/gear system. The weight of the trolley must provide stability along the selected I-beam. The Trolley should be removable from the beam for maintenance and re- installation. 3. 3. Environment The trolley will be available to a global market. Being used in a diverse environment, the trolley crane will be subject to a humid/ wet environment and as such will need to be treated in order to resist corrosion. The trolley will be stored in suppliers warehouses before sales. . 4. Product life span The product will be on the market for 7 years. Spare parts will be available for a further 3 years 3. 5. Life in service Should withstand an operating period of 1 hrs uninterrupted use per day for 3. 5 years. Life in service should be assessed against the criteria outlined in the Performance and Environment categories. . 6. Shelf life The product may be stored on-site for up to 2 weeks before being dispatched. Distributor may additionally store the product for several months. 3. 7. Target costs The product should have an end-user cost of IEEE within Britain. Cost of manufacture should not exceed 50% of this cost. The cost of packaging and shipping should be no more than 15% of the manufacturing cost. 3. 8. Quantity Dependent on market demand 3. 9. Maintenance To be maintenance free except for light lubrication once a month and a recommended service every two years. Parts requiring lubrication should be accessible within 10 minutes without the use of special tools or equipment. All fasteners used should comply with BASSES. Spares should be available for 3 and a half years after the product is replaced with a new model. No special tools should be required for maintenance. . 10. Marketing The trolley crane should be used in competition with other models. Some markets which will use the trolley crane are:- small car garages, storage warehouses, workshops etc. The trolley should be light and therefore be able to be moved easily by no less tan two people. It should allow for operation by one man. 3. 11. Packaging The trolley packaging and transportation should be reasonably inexpensive. No more than 5% of the total cost. 3. 12. Size and Weight Restrictions Length of the beam should be no more than 4 meters long. Width and Height to be no more than mm Weight should be no more than keg. Height should be no more than mm 3. 13. Manufacturing process Bearings, pin/bolt and chain will be bought in from a supplier. The wheels and the pinion will be CNN machined using the milling process.

De Broglie Wavelength Hypothesis Overview

De Broglie Wavelength Hypothesis Overview The De Broglie hypothesis proposes that all matter exhibits wave-like properties and relates the observed wavelength of matter to its momentum. After Albert Einsteins photon theory became accepted, the question became whether this was true only for light or whether material objects also exhibited wave-like behavior. Here is how the De Broglie hypothesis was developed. De Broglies Thesis In his 1923 (or 1924, depending on the source) doctoral dissertation, the French physicist Louis de Broglie made a bold assertion. Considering Einsteins relationship of wavelength lambda to momentum p, de Broglie proposed that this relationship would determine the wavelength of any matter, in the relationship: lambda h / p recall that h is Plancks constant This wavelength is called the de Broglie wavelength. The reason he chose the momentum equation over the energy equation is that it was unclear, with matter, whether E should be total energy, kinetic energy, or total relativistic energy. For photons, they are all the same, but not so for matter. Assuming the momentum relationship, however, allowed the derivation of a similar de Broglie relationship for frequency f using the kinetic energy Ek: f Ek / h Alternate Formulations De Broglies relationships are sometimes expressed in terms of Diracs constant, h-bar h / (2pi), and the angular frequency w and wavenumber k: p h-bar * kEk h-bar * w Experimental Confirmation In 1927, physicists Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer, of Bell Labs, performed an experiment where they fired electrons at a crystalline nickel target. The resulting diffraction pattern matched the predictions of the de Broglie wavelength. De Broglie received the 1929 Nobel Prize for his theory (the first time it was ever awarded for a Ph.D. thesis) and Davisson/Germer jointly won it in 1937 for the experimental discovery of electron diffraction (and thus the proving of de Broglies hypothesis). Further experiments have held de Broglies hypothesis to be true, including the quantum variants of the double slit experiment. Diffraction experiments in 1999 confirmed the de Broglie wavelength for the behavior of molecules as large as buckyballs, which are complex molecules made up of 60 or more carbon atoms. Significance of the de Broglie Hypothesis The de Broglie hypothesis showed that wave-particle duality was not merely an aberrant behavior of light, but rather was a fundamental principle exhibited by both radiation and matter. As such, it becomes possible to use wave equations to describe material behavior, so long as one properly applies the de Broglie wavelength. This would prove crucial to the development of quantum mechanics. It is now an integral part of the theory of atomic structure and particle physics. Macroscopic Objects and Wavelength Though de Broglies hypothesis predicts wavelengths for ​matter of any size, there are realistic limits on when its useful. A baseball thrown at a pitcher has a de Broglie wavelength that is smaller than the diameter of a proton by about 20 orders of magnitude. The wave aspects of a macroscopic object are so tiny as to be unobservable in any useful sense, although interesting to muse about.

Cosmetic industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cosmetic industry - Essay Example However, the cosmetic industry is still growing with ever-increasing sales fueled mainly by women’s obsession to look better. For such reasons the cosmetic industry has been under strict monitoring and regulations. Global Cosmetic Industry Cosmetics are being manufactured by a few dominant multinational corporations that came into existence in the early 1900s. However, the supply of cosmetics is widely distributed between both developing and developed countries. Cosmetic industry is valued at approximately US $40 billion. Those cosmetic products which have "Made in France" written on their labels are highly valued on the international market. Since cosmetics are popular among women who are fans of TV and movie actresses and women who want to be like those actresses, many cosmetic products specifically perfumes are endorsed by actors and singers. The global cosmetic industry appears to be changing rapidly. Various known companies sell cosmetics both online and in retail outlets . As far as the marketing tactics used are concerned they include sponsoring fashion shows, getting brand ambassadors to do ads and other forms of conventional advertising. As life expectancy has increased cosmetic industry has modified its products from beauty enhancing to anti-ageing or beauty sustaining products. As globalization happens more consumers are using standardized cosmetics rather than affordable and low quality local products. As a result cost of production has been minimized tremendously by the firms. Europe and North America continue to be the major markets for cosmetic products while Asian countries specifically India, China and Indonesia are growing markets due to high population growth rate and increase in media exposure. Major cosmetic companies â€Å"Names and sales in Billions of US Dollars of the top 20 cosmetic companies in the world 1. Procter & Gamble– $26.3, 2. L’Oreal - $25.8, 3. Unilever- $16, 4. Avon- $7.6, 5. Beiersdorf- $7.5, 6. Estee Lauder- $7.3, 7. Shiseido- $6.9, 8. Kao- $5.9, 9. Johnson & Johnson–$5.6, 10. Henkel- $4.4, 11. LVMH- $3.7, 12. Coty- $3.5, 13. Chanel - $3.0, 14. Limited Brands– $2.7, 15. Mary Kay– $2.6, 16. Yves Rocher– $2.5, 17. Natura- $2.1, 18. Alticor - $1.9, 19. Kose- $1.8 and 20. Oriflame - $1.7† (Perry). Ethical issues involving the cosmetic industry Before one starts discussing what is ethical or unethical one must understand the meaning of the word ethics. Ethics is the study of morality. It deals with what is the right thing to be done and what is wrong. Ethical principles can vary between groups and individuals, however, certain moral principle are universal. These include being honest in business dealings, respecting elders and respecting the laws. There are people or firms who are doing something which is legal yet unethical. Currently, the aforementioned statement is the biggest dilemma the world faces when discussing and implementing ethical behavi or. As far as the cosmetic industry is concerned it has been accused of unethical practices on multiple occasions. The reason behind unethical practices is almost always profit maximization at the expense of customers and other stakeholders. Main ethical issues are the following: 1. Animal testing: Many cosmetics are tested upon animals like mice, pigs, monkeys and rabbits. This results in noticeable suffering and pain for the innocent animals. Animal testing is done to measure the level of skin